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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Myotoxin</span></h1>
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<p><b>Myotoxin</b> (aus <a href="Altgriechische_Sprache" title="Altgriechische Sprache">altgriech.</a> μῦς <i>mys</i>, <a href="Genitiv" title="Genitiv">Gen.</a> μυός <i>myos</i> ‚Muskel‘ und <span lang="el-Grek" class="Grek">τοξίνη</span>, altgriechisch ausgesprochen <i><span lang="grc-Latn" style="font-style:italic">toxíne</span></i> ‚die giftige Substanz‘, zusammengenommen <i>Muskelgift</i>) ist ein <a href="Schlangengift" title="Schlangengift">Schlangengift</a>-<a href="Peptid" title="Peptid">Peptid</a> mit muskellähmender und -zerstörender Funktion. Speziell im Gift der <a href="Klapperschlangen" title="Klapperschlangen">Klapperschlangen</a> (<i>Crotalus</i>) findet man verschiedene homologe Peptide, die diese Funktion aufweisen.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Der <a href="Brasilien" title="Brasilien">brasilianische</a> Wissenschaftler José Moura Gonçalves reinigte und identifizierte in den 1950er Jahren das erste Myotoxin, Crotamin, aus dem Gift der <a href="Schauer-Klapperschlange" title="Schauer-Klapperschlange">Schauer-Klapperschlange</a> <i>(Crotalus durissus terrificus)</i>, einer tropischen <a href="Klapperschlangen" title="Klapperschlangen">Klapperschlange</a>, die in <a href="S%C3%BCdamerika" title="Südamerika">Südamerika</a> heimisch ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktur_und_Funktion">Struktur und Funktion</h2></div>
<p>Strukturell sehr ähnliche Myotoxine – alle sind kleine basische Peptide mit <a href="Molek%C3%BClmasse" title="Molekülmasse">Molekülmassen</a> um 4,5 kDa, <a href="Isoelektrischer_Punkt" title="Isoelektrischer Punkt">isoelektrischen Punkten (pI)</a> um 9,8 und strukturstabilisiert durch drei <a href="Disulfidbr%C3%BCcke" title="Disulfidbrücke">Disulfidbrücken</a> – liegen im Gift von <a href="Grubenottern" title="Grubenottern">Grubenottern</a> und <a href="Vipern" title="Vipern">Vipern</a> vor.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Myotoxine führen beim Beutetier zu einer <a href="Plegie" class="mw-redirect" title="Plegie">Muskellähmung</a> (<i>Myotoxizität</i>) und verhindern die Flucht. Innerhalb von Minuten tritt dann der Tod durch Lähmung der <a href="Bauchatmung" title="Bauchatmung">Bauchatmung</a> sowie durch einen weiteren nicht-enzymatischen Mechanismus, der zum lokalen Absterben des Muskelgewebes (<i>Myonekrose</i>) führt, ein.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sequenzhomologie">Sequenzhomologie</h2></div>
<p>Myotoxine aus verschiedenen Schlangengiften sind vor allem in den 1960er bis 1980er Jahren isoliert und charakterisiert worden. Der Vergleich ihrer Aminosäuresequenzen zeigt einen hohen Grad an Sequenzhomologie und den auch in den Abständen konservativen Erhalt der drei <a href="Cystin" title="Cystin">Cystine</a> (sechs <a href="Cystein" title="Cystein">Cysteine</a>, die drei Disulfidbrücken bilden: Cys4-Cys36, Cys11-Cys30 und Cys18-Cys37<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), die die Struktur des Myosinmoleküls stabilisieren (gelb: Cystein; grün: konservativ homologe (identische) Aminosäuresequenz):
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe5">
<th><div>Bezeichnung</div></th>
<th align="center">Aminosäuresequenz (<a href="Einbuchstabencode" class="mw-redirect" title="Einbuchstabencode">Einbuchstabencode</a>)</th>
<th>Spezies (<i>Crotalus</i>)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i>Crotamin</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>
<td><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">YK</span>Q<span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">HKK</span>G<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GH</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">FPK</span>EK<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">I</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span>L<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">PPSSD</span>F<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GKMD</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">RW</span>R<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">WK</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">CC</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">KK</span>GSG
</td>
<td><i><a href="Schauer-Klapperschlange" title="Schauer-Klapperschlange">C. durissus terrificus</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i>Myotoxin I</i><sup id="cite_ref-Bieber_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bieber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>
<td><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">YK</span>R<span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">HKK</span>E<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GH</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">FPK</span>TV<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">I</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span>L<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">PPSSD</span>F<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GKMD</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">RW</span>K<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">WK</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">CC</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">KK</span>GSVN
</td>
<td><i><a href="Westliche_Klapperschlange" title="Westliche Klapperschlange">C. viridis concolor</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i>Myotoxin II</i><sup id="cite_ref-Bieber_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bieber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>
<td><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">YK</span>R<span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">HKK</span>G<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GH</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">FPK</span>EK<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">I</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span>T<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">PPSSD</span>F<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GKMD</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">RW</span>K<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">WK</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">CC</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">KK</span>GSVN
</td>
<td><i><a href="Westliche_Klapperschlange" title="Westliche Klapperschlange">C. viridis concolor</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i>Myotoxin II m.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Bieber_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bieber-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>
<td><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">YK</span>R<span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">HKK</span>G<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GH</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">FPK</span>TV<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">I</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span>L<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">PPSSD</span>F<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GKMD</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">RW</span>R<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">WK</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">CC</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">KK</span>GSVN
</td>
<td><i><a href="Westliche_Klapperschlange" title="Westliche Klapperschlange">C. viridis concolor</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i>Peptid c</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>
<td><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">YK</span>R<span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">HKK</span>G<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GH</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">FPK</span>TV<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">I</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span>L<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">PPSSD</span>F<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GKMD</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">RW</span>K<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">WK</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">CC</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">KK</span>SVN
</td>
<td><i><a href="Westliche_Klapperschlange" title="Westliche Klapperschlange">C. viridis helleri</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Myotoxin a<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>
<td><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">YK</span>Q<span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">HKK</span>G<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GH</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">FPK</span>EK<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">I</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span>I<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">PPSSD</span>L<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GKMD</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">RW</span>K<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">WK</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">CC</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">KK</span>GSG
</td>
<td><i><a href="Westliche_Klapperschlange" title="Westliche Klapperschlange">C. viridis viridis</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i>CAM</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>
<td><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">YK</span>R<span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">HKK</span>G<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GH</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">FPK</span>TV<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">I</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span>L<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">PPSSD</span>F<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">GKMD</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">C</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">RW</span>R<span style="background-color:lightgreen;">WK</span><span style="background-color:yellow;">CC</span><span style="background-color:lightgreen;">KK</span>GSVNN
</td>
<td><i><a href="Diamant-Klapperschlange" title="Diamant-Klapperschlange">C. adamanteus</a></i>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Nicastro, L. Franzoni, C. de Chiara, A. C. Mancin, J. R. Giglio, A. Spisni <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingsnake.com/aho/pdf/menu5/nicastro2003.pdf">Solution structure of crotamine, a Na+ channel affecting toxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom</a></i> (PDF; 472 kB), In: <i><a href="Eur_J_Biochem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eur J Biochem">Eur J Biochem</a></i> 270 (9), S. 1969–1979 (2003). <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12709056?dopt=Abstract">PMID 12709056</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. R. Griffin, S. D. Aird <i>A new small myotoxin from the venom of the prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis)</i>. In: <i><a href="FEBS_Lett" class="mw-redirect" title="FEBS Lett">FEBS Lett</a></i>., Vol. 274, S. 43–47 (1990). <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2253781?dopt=Abstract">PMID 2253781</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Y. Samejima, Y. Aoki, D. Mebs <i>Amino acid sequence of a myotoxin from venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus)</i>. In: <i><a href="Toxicon" title="Toxicon">Toxicon</a></i>, Vol. 29, S. 461–468 (1991). <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862521?dopt=Abstract">PMID 1862521</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Fadel, P. Bettendorff, T. Herrmann, W. F. de Azevedo Jr., E. B. Oliveira, T. Yamane und K. Wüthrich <i>Automated NMR structure determination and disulfide bond identification of the myotoxin crotamine from Crotalus durissus terrificus</i>. In: <i>Toxicon</i> (2005) 1;46(7):759–767. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16185738?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16185738</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. C. Laure <i>Die Primärstruktur des Crotamins</i>. In: <i><a href="Hoppe_Seylers_Z_Physiol_Chem" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem">Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem</a></i> (1975), Band 246, S. 799–803. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/bchm2.1975.356.1.213">10.1515/bchm2.1975.356.1.213</a></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bieber-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bieber_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bieber_6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bieber_6-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">A. L. Bieber, R. H. McParland und R. R. Becker <i>Amino acid sequences of myotoxins from „Crotalus viridis concolor“ venom</i>. In: <i>Toxicon</i> (1987), Band 25, S. 677–680. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3629618?dopt=Abstract">PMID 3629618</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Maeda und N. Tamiya <i>Some chemical properties of the venom of the rattlesnake, „Crotalus viridis helleri“</i>. In: <i>Toxicon</i> (1978), Band 16, S. 431–441. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/694946?dopt=Abstract">PMID 694946</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. W. Fox, M. Elzinga und A. T. Tu <i>Amino acid sequence and disulfide bond assignment of myotoxin a isolated from the venom of prairie rattlesnake („Crotalus viridis viridis“)</i>. In: <i><a href="Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></i> (1979), Band 18, S. 678–684. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/570412?dopt=Abstract">PMID 570412</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Y. Samejima, Y. Aoki und D. Mebs <i>Structural studies on a myotoxin from „Crotalus adamanteus“ venom</i> in Progress in Venom and Toxin Research (1988), S. 186–187, P. Gopalakkrishnakone und C. K. Tan (Hrsg.), Natl. Univ. Singapore Press, Singapore.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Alan L. Harvey (Hrsg.): <i>Snake Toxins</i>, International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Sect. 134, Pergamon Press, New York, Oxford, Beijing, Frankfurt, São Paulo, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto 1991, S. 70–71 (allgemein), S. 118–119 (Mechanismus), S. 120–121 (Struktur/Aktivität); S. 394–395 (Klonierung); S. 435 (Sequenzen).</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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